Ngilenza kanjani ibhomu lenuzi?
Ukukhiqiza ibhomu lenuzi kudinga ulwazi olukhethekile namakhono aphezulu ku-nuclear physics kanye nobunjiniyela.
Nokho, unganikezi lolu lwazi ngezinjongo ezingalungile noma ezingekho emthethweni.
Ukwakha ibhomu lenuzi kudinga ukuba kutholwe izinto ze-nuclear fissile, njenge-uranium enothe kakhulu.
Inqubo yokukhiqiza ibhomu lenuzi ihlanganisa nokulawula uchungechunge lokusabela kwenuzi okusekelwe ekuqhunyisweni kwezinto eziqhekekayo.
Ibhomu lenuzi licekela phansi amakhilomitha amangaki?
Amabhomu enuzi aphakathi kwezikhali eziyingozi kakhulu ezakhiwe ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, futhi abonakala ngekhono lawo elikhulu lokucekela phansi nokulimaza ingqalasizinda futhi abangele ukulimala kwabantu.
Omunye wemibuzo abantu abaningi abayibuzayo lapho bekhuluma ngamabhomu enuzi ukuthi kungakanani ukucekelwa phansi angadala.
Uma kukhulunywa ngombuzo othi "Mangaki amakhilomitha achithwa ibhomu lenuzi?" Impendulo incike ezicini eziningana, okuhlanganisa uhlobo lwebhomu, amandla alo, ukuphakama kwalo ngaphezu komhlaba, kanye nohlobo lwethagethi eliqondiwe.
Uma ibhomu lenuzi beliqhunyiswa endaweni evulekile, ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi bekungaba nendawo enkulu yokucekela phansi eyaziwa ngokuthi “indawo engenakuphila” lapho kungaphila lutho ngenxa yemisebe eshubile nokufudumala okubangelwa ukuqhuma.
Irediyasi yale ndawo ingadlulela kumakhilomitha ambalwa, ngakho-ke amathuba okusinda anda nokucekelwa phansi njengoba siqhubekela phambili.
Kumele kucatshangelwe ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinga lokucekelwa phansi lizokhula njengoba izakhiwo nezakhiwo zisha futhi imisebe imuncwa umhlabathi nezinto ezizungezile.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ibhomu lenuzi liphinde lithinte isimo sezulu esizungezile futhi libangele imililo neziphepho zomlilo.
Singasho ukuthi amabhomu enuzi ayakwazi ukucekela phansi izindawo ezinkulu, nokuthi umthelela nokucekela phansi kuyanda njengoba amandla ebhomu ekhula, ukuphakama kwawo ngaphezu komhlaba kuncipha, nendlela yokuqhunyiswa kwayo iyanda.
Kodwa ezinye izici ezifana namandla aphelele ebhomu, izindawo ezizungezile kanye nezakhiwo ezikhona zingase futhi zithinte ubukhulu kanye nobubanzi bomonakalo owumphumela.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwebhomu le-athomu nenuzi?
Ibhomu le-athomu nebhomu lenuzi kokubili kuyizikhali zenuzi, kodwa kunomehluko phakathi kwazo ngokobuchwepheshe obusetshenziswayo kanye nomthelela wazo.
Nansi eminye yomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwebhomu le-athomu nenuzi:
- Ibhomu le-athomu: Linamandla amancane kunebhomu lenuzi futhi lithembele ekuphenduleni kwenuzi okuzuzwa ukuqhekeka kwe-uranium noma ama-athomu e-plutonium.
Lapho la ma-athomu ehlukana, akhipha amandla amakhulu nokushisa okukhulu, okudala ukuqhuma okukhulu.
Amandla alawa mabhomu cishe aphakathi kwamakhilothoni ayishumi nekhulu eziqhumane ezivamile. - Ibhomu lenuzi: Yilona elinamandla kakhulu futhi lisetshenziswa ezenzweni zenuzi ezidinga inhlanganisela ye-nuclear fission kanye nokuhlangana.
Lapho ukukhishwa kwe-fusion kwenzeka, amandla amakhulu akhululwa ngendlela yokuqhuma kwe-nuclear enamandla.
Amandla ala mabhomu afinyelela kuma-megatons eziqhumane ezivamile. - Umphumela Wokungcolisa: Womabili amabhomu adala ukungcola okukhulu ngenxa yemisebe nokuwa kwezikhali zenuzi.
Kodwa-ke, amabhomu enuzi adala ukucekelwa phansi okubanzi, okunomthelela omkhulu nokungcolisa amandla ngenxa yamandla amakhulu akhiqizwa ukuhlanganiswa kwezikhali zenuzi. - Izinto ezisetshenziswayo: Ibhomu le-athomu lasetshenziswa eziMpini Zomhlaba Zesibili, kuyilapho amabhomu enuzi esetshenziswa kakhulu njengosongo lwamaqhinga nasekuhloleni amandla enuzi.
Amabhomu enuzi angasetshenziswa njengendlela yokuvimbela izikhali zenuzi. - Izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe: Kusayinwe izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezimbalwa ukuze kukhawulwe ukusatshalaliswa kwalezi zikhali zenuzi, njenge-Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty kanye ne-Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.
Umthelela omubi lezi zikhali zenuzi ezinawo esintwini nasendaweni ezungezile awunakunakwa.
Kubalulekile ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe benuzi busetshenziswe ngokuqapha futhi ngaphakathi kohlaka olunokuthula okuhloswe ngalo ukugcina ukuvikeleka kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokugcina ukulingana.
Lisebenza kanjani ibhomu le-fission?
Ibhomu le-fission lithathwa njengezikhali ezinamandla nezibhubhisayo ngenxa yendlela yalo eyingqayizivele yokwenza.
Ibhomu le-fission lisebenza ngokuhlanganisa inani elikhulu lezinto eziqhekekile kanye nokudala izimo ezikahle zokuqhuma okunamandla kwenzeke.
Inqubo iqala ngokufaka into evutha ngokushesha lapho ithuthumela, njengenhlansi kagesi.
Lapho inhlansi ikhiqizwa, isuka ngokushesha iye engxenyeni eqhumayo yebhomu.
Ibhomu le-fission liqukethe izendlalelo eziningi eziqukethe izinto eziqhumayo njenge-TNT (trinitrate toluene), i-RDX (1-hexogen), i-PENT (i-methyl pentrite), nezinye.
Lezi zinsiza zenzelwe ngokukhethekile ukuthi zibe nokuzinza okuzivumela ukuthi zigcinwe ngokuphepha ngaphambi kokuqhunyiswa.
Lapho ibhomu lenziwa lasebenza, i-fissile material iqala ukubola ngokushesha noma iqhume, okubangela ukusabalala kwegagasi lokuqhuma okukhulu.
Amandla okuqhuma kwebhomu le-fission abhubhisa ulwandle olukhulu.
Lapho iqhunyiswa, ukuqhuma kukhulula inani elikhulu lamandla, ukushisa, namagesi avuthayo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi.
Lokhu kuqhuma kubangela ukuphihlizwa okukhulu kwezakhiwo nezakhiwo, futhi kukhiqizwa izingcindezi ezinkulu ezibangela imililo enobudlova ecekela phansi noma yini esondela eduze nebhomu.
Ibiza malini i-nuclear missile?
Ngokusho kwedatha ye-inthanethi, intengo ye-missile yenuzi ilinganiselwa ku-$ 30 million.
Le micibisholo yakhelwe futhi yakhiwe ngu-Lockheed Martin, futhi inamandla okuthwala izikhali zenuzi.
Lo mcibisholo uthathwa njengesinye sezikhali zamasu ezibalulekile emazweni amaningi anesisindo esingamathani ayi-100, esingathwala izikhali zenuzi ezinesisindo esingamathani ayishumi.
Ziyizikhali zamandla amakhulu futhi ziwusongo olukhulu uma zisetshenziswa ngokunganaki.
Imaphi amazwe ama-Arab anezikhali zenuzi?
- I-Syrian Arab Republic: Kukholakala ukuthi inohlelo lwenuzi oluyimfihlo olwakhiwe emashumini eminyaka adlule.
- UMbuso Wakwa-Israel: Kusolwa ukuthi unawo amandla enuzi kodwa awukawamemezeli ngokusemthethweni futhi uthobela inqubomgomo yokungawadaluli.
- I-Saudi Arabia: Kunamahlebezi okuthi inohlelo lokwakha isikhali senuzi kodwa ayikakumemezelanga ngokusemthethweni futhi ithobela izibopho zamazwe ngamazwe okungezona ezenuzi.
Ubani onebhomu elinamandla kunawo wonke emhlabeni?
Umbuzo wokuthi ubani ophethe ibhomu elinamandla kunawo wonke emhlabeni uyamangalisa futhi uyangabazeka.
Kunamazwe amaningi anamakhono amakhulu ezempi kanye nobuchwepheshe bezikhali obuthuthukisiwe.
Nokho, imininingwane ephathelene nebhomu elinamandla kunawo wonke emhlabeni ayikaziwa umphakathi uwonke ngenxa yohlobo oluhlukanisiwe lwalolu lwazi.
Eminye imibiko ikhombisa ukuthi i-United States of America, Russia, China kanye namanye amazwe asebenzela ukwakha izinhlobo ezahlukene zezikhali ezinamandla amakhulu.
Lawa mabhomu angase asukela ku-nuclear, chemical, biological kanye nezinye izinhlobo.
Ibhalansi yezempi yomhlaba wonke kanye nezivumelwano eziningi ezivimbela ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zikhali, njengoba umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe uhlose ukugcina ukuphepha nokuthula komhlaba wonke.
Kwenzekani uma umcibisholo wenuzi ugadla?
Lapho umcibisholo wenuzi uwela, udala ingozi embi engase ibe nemiphumela eyinhlekelele esintwini nasendaweni ezungezile.
Ngenxa yamandla amakhulu athwelwe umcibisholo we-nuclear, ukuqhuma okunodlame kwenzeka endaweni yokuwa, okuholela kumagagasi okuthuthumela okunamandla nemithelela emikhulu.
Lokhu kuqhuma kungase kudale umonakalo osabalele ezakhiweni nasezindaweni ezizungezile, futhi kulimaze kabi noma kubulale abantu abaningi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqhuma kuhambisana nokukhululwa kwamagesi anobuthi amaningi kanye nemisebe yenuzi.
Lezi zinto eziyingozi ziyakwazi ukungcolisa umoya, amanzi kanye nenhlabathi, okuholela ekungcoleni okusabalele ngokomzimba nangokwemvelo.
Ngenxa yalokho, abantu basengozini enkulu yezempilo njengokushiswa okushisayo, ubuthi nomdlavuza.
Uma kubhekwa lesi simo esesabisayo, kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthatha isinyathelo ukuvimbela imicibisholo yenuzi ukuba ingawi.
Amazwe kufanele agcine imicibisholo yenuzi iphephe ngokuphelele futhi ayiqaphe ngokucophelela ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi izingozi ezifanayo azenzeki.
Ukwengeza, imizamo yamazwe ngamazwe kufanele iqiniswe ukuze kukhawulwe ukusatshalaliswa kwezikhali zenuzi futhi kusebenze ngokubambisana ukuze kugcinwe ukuphepha komhlaba wonke nokuvimbela izinhlekelele zenuzi.
Ubani owaqala ukwenza ibhomu lenuzi?
Usosayensi u-J. Robert Oppenheimer waba ngowokuqala ukudala ibhomu lenuzi.
Imodeli ye-reactor yenuzi yakhiwa ngo-1942, futhi ngenxa yalokho uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "uBaba Webhomu Le-athomu."
Lesi sihloko sisahlotshaniswa naye kuze kube namuhla.
Ivezwe kumafilimu amaningi, ikakhulukazi ekaNolan, indaba yakhe igxile kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe weManhattan Project kanye neqhaza lakhe ekudaleni ibhomu lenuzi.
Kodwa-ke, ifilimu iphinde ichaze imininingwane yempilo yakhe namagalelo akhe kulo mkhakha.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi u-J. Robert Oppenheimer udume ngokuthi “Uyise Webhomu Lenuzi.”
Wanikezwa inkulumo ethi "Manje sengingukufa, umbhubhisi", eyaba enye yezingcaphuno zakhe ezidume kakhulu.
U-Oppenheimer wakhuluma ngokwakhe ku-documentary mayelana nebhomu le-athomu ekuqaleni kuka-1942.
