Izinyathelo zokubhala ucwaningo lwesayensi futhi yiziphi izinyathelo zocwaningo lwesayensi lwe-PDF?

Izinyathelo zokubhala ucwaningo lwesayensi

Ukuze ubhale futhi ulungiselele ucwaningo lwesayensi olusebenzayo, umfundi kufanele afinyelele ukuqonda okuphelele kwesihloko futhi alandele izinyathelo ezithile.
Nawu umhlahlandlela ophelele obonisa indlela yokwenza isinyathelo ngesinyathelo:

1- Ukukhetha isihloko socwaningo: Lesi sinyathelo singaba nzima kubafundi abasaqalayo.
Umfundi kufanele akhethe isihloko asithandayo nesifinyelelekayo.

2- Buza umbuzo wocwaningo: Ngemva kokukhetha isihloko, umfundi kufanele akhethe umbuzo othize impendulo yawo angathanda ukuyifuna phakathi nesifundo.

3- Qoqa ulwazi: Umfundi kufanele aqoqe imininingwane edingekayo ukuze aqonde isihloko futhi aqondise ucwaningo.
Ungathembela ezincwadini, emaphephandabeni esayensi, kanye nemithombo kagesi.

4- Hlaziya ulwazi: Ngemva kokuqoqa ulwazi, kufanele luhlaziywe futhi luhlelwe ngendlela ehlelekile.
Kunconywa ukusebenzisa amagrafu namathebula ukwethula imiphumela ngokucacile nangokuhlelekile.

5- Lungiselela uhlelo locwaningo: Umfundi kufanele enze uhlelo oluhlanganisa isingeniso socwaningo, ucwaningo oluhlobene, imiphumela elindelekile, indlela yokusebenza esetshenzisiwe, neziphetho ezilindelekile.

6- Ukubhala isingeniso: Umfundi kufanele abhale isingeniso esichaza ukubaluleka kwesihloko futhi ethule umbuzo wocwaningo nezinjongo zocwaningo.

7- Ukulungiselela indlela yokusebenza: Umfundi kufanele achaze indlela azoyisebenzisa ekuqoqeni nasekuhlaziyeni idatha nolwazi.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukubhala zonke izinyathelo ezilandelwe.

8- Qoqa futhi uhlaziye idatha: Umfundi kufanele asebenzise izindlela ezifanele zesayensi ukuze aqoqe futhi ahlaziye idatha futhi afinyelele iziphetho ezihlobene nombuzo wocwaningo.

9- Ukubhala imiphumela: Umfundi kufanele ethule imiphumela ngendlela ecacile nehlelekile.
Kunconywa ukusebenzisa amathebula namagrafu ukuchaza imiphumela ngokuqondakalayo.

10- Iziphetho zokubhala: Umfundi kufanele afingqe imiphumela futhi afinyelele iziphetho ezinengqondo ngokusekelwe olwazini olutholiwe.

11- Ukulungiselela ukubukeza kokugcina: Umfundi kumelwe abukeze ngokucophelela ucwaningo, alulungise, aqinisekise ukuhleleka kwalo, futhi abukeze izingcaphuno nemithombo esetshenzisiwe.

Yiziphi izidingo zocwaningo lwesayensi?

1. Isikhathi: Isikhathi esifanele nesanele singesinye sezimfuneko ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuze umcwaningi wesayensi akwazi ukuqedela ucwaningo lwakhe nezifundo ngendlela ecophelelayo nephelele.
2. Ukufundwa okuphelele: Ukufundwa okubanzi emkhakheni othile wocwaningo kubalulekile.
   Isihloko socwaningo kumele sifake insimu ethile kanye nesihloko esinembayo socwaningo.
   Ucwaningo lwesayensi ludinga amakhono akhethekile ekuqoqeni nasekuqondeni ulwazi.
3. Imithombo yolwazi: Umcwaningi wesayensi kufanele akwazi ukuzuza emithonjeni ethembekile nehlukahlukene yolwazi ehlobene nomkhakha wakhe wocwaningo.
   Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusesha imitapo yolwazi kanye nesizindalwazi sesayensi.
4. Ukunakwa ezindabeni zomphakathi nentuthuko: Ukunaka izindaba zomphakathi kanye nokusesha intuthuko emsebenzini wawo kuyizidingo eziyisisekelo.
   Umcwaningi kufanele akhethe isihloko esihlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi futhi sibe negalelo ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi, ezomnotho kanye nenhlalakahle.
5. Ukuheha nokuthuthukisa izinsiza zabantu: Ukufaneleka nokuqeqeshwa kwezinsiza zabantu yizinto ezibalulekile empumelelweni yocwaningo lwesayensi.
   Umcwaningi wesayensi kumele ahehe futhi athuthukise ama-cad akhethekile emkhakheni wakhe ukuze azuze imiphumela engcono kakhulu.
6. Amandla okucwaninga nokutadisha: Izihloko kufanele zicwaningwe futhi zifundeke futhi kufanele zibe nentshisekelo nezifiso zabacwaningi.
   Kufanele ibe wusizo lwesayensi, yengeze ulwazi olusha, futhi ibe ngeyokuqala futhi ingabi yimpinda.

Yiziphi izigaba eziyisisekelo zocwaningo lwesayensi?Indlu Yesayensi?

Iwebhusayithi yeHouse of Science, iwebhusayithi yezamasiko, ezemfundo kanye nezemfundo, ixoxa ngezigaba ezimbalwa ezibalulekile zenqubo yocwaningo lwesayensi.
Lezi zigaba zihlose ukuqoqa ulwazi kanye nokuqinisekisa imibono yesayensi, ngenhloso yokucebisa okuqukethwe kwesi-Arabhu nokukhanyisa izingqondo ngolwazi olulungile nolunembile.

1. Qaphela:
   Lesi sigaba siqala ngokuba khona kwenkinga noma uphenyo oluthakasela umcwaningi.
   Lapha kunqunywa isihloko noma umkhakha ucwaningo oluzozungeza kuwo.
2. Buza umbuzo:
   Ngemva kokuhlonza inkinga, kwakhiwa umbuzo wocwaningo obonisa ingqikithi yenkinga futhi uchaze lokho ucwaningo olufuna ukuphendula.
3. Ukudala isizinda socwaningo:
   Kulesi sigaba, umcwaningi uqoqa ulwazi nocwaningo lwangaphambilini oluhlobene nomkhakha wakhe wocwaningo.
   Lolu lwazi lumsiza ukuthi aqonde isimo samanje sodaba futhi lumqondise ekwenzeni izinqumo ezingcono kakhulu ezisekelwe ezifundweni zangaphambilini.
4. Isiphakamiso se-hypothesis:
   Ngemva kokuqoqa ulwazi oludingekayo, umcwaningi usungula umbono ochaza inkinga bese eqondisa ucwaningo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuqiniso balo noma ngenye indlela.
5. Ukuhlolwa kwe-hypothesis:
   Kulesi sigaba, kuqoqwa idatha nolwazi olusekela noma oluphikisa umbono ohlongozwayo.
   Le datha ihlaziywa kusetshenziswa amathuluzi namasu akhethekile ukuze kukhiqizwe imiphumela echazekayo.

Kubalulekile ukuthi ucwaningo lucutshungulwe futhi luhlelwe emazingeni amaningana ayisisekelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi nokufaneleka kwalo ngezinjongo zesayensi.
Phakathi kwala mazinga sithola izinga lokuhleleka okujwayelekile, okudinga ukuthi kuqinisekiswe ukuvumelana nokuxhumana kwazo zonke izingxenye zocwaningo ndawonye, ​​kusukela esethulweni kuze kufike esiphethweni.

Ucwaningo lwesikole lwenziwa kanjani?

Lapho kuqala unyaka wesikole, abafundi babhekana nenselele yokulungiselela ucwaningo lwesikole.
Isabelo sokubhala ucwaningo siyinto enenzuzo kubafundi njengoba bengathuthukisa amakhono abo okucwaninga, ukubhala, nokuhlela imibono.
Kulo mongo, sinikeza isethi yamathiphu nemihlahlandlela yabafundi ukuze ibasize balungiselele ucwaningo lwesikole oluyimpumelelo.

Isinyathelo 1: Thola isihloko socwaningo
Isinyathelo sokuqala sokulungiselela ucwaningo lwesikole ukuchaza isihloko socwaningo.
Isihloko kufanele sibaluleke futhi sithakazelise kumfundi.
Isihloko singakhethwa uthisha noma umfundi azikhethele ngokuvumelana neziqondiso zoMnyango.

Isinyathelo sesi-2: Qoqa ulwazi
Ngemva kokukhetha isihloko, umfundi kufanele aqoqe ulwazi oluhlobene nesihloko.
Ungazuza ezincwadini nasezikhombo ezitholakala emtatsheni wezincwadi, kanye nemithombo ethembekile ye-electronic kuyi-Internet.
Kubalulekile ukuthi umfundi ahlele ulwazi futhi abhale amanothi amsize enze uhlelo locwaningo.

Isinyathelo sesi-3: Bhala uhlaka
Ngemva kokuqoqa ulwazi, umfundi kufanele aqale ukubhala uhlaka.
Ibhulogi ingasetshenziswa ukubhala phansi imibono futhi ihlelwe ngendlela enengqondo.
Umfundi kufanele aqinisekise ukuthi kunesethulo esethula isihloko nokubaluleka kwaso, indikimba ekhuluma ngokwaziswa okuqoqiwe, nesiphetho esifingqa lokho okutholwe neziphetho.

Isinyathelo sesi-4: Buyekeza futhi Uhlele
Ngemva kokuqeda ukubhala uhlaka, umfundi kufanele abuyekeze umbhalo futhi aqinisekise ukuthi awekho amaphutha esipelingi noma olimi.
Umeluleki noma ozakwethu bangase basetshenziswe ukusiza ekuqinisekiseni ulwazi kanye nokuhlelwa kokugcina kwephepha.

Isinyathelo sesi-5: Thumela ucwaningo lwakho
Ngemva kokuqeda ukuhlela nokubuyekeza ucwaningo, umfundi kufanele aluthumele kuthisha ngokuvumelana nomnqamulajuqu oshiwo.
Ucwaningo luvame ukuhlolwa ngokusekelwe kokuqukethwe kwalo, ukuhleleka kanye nesitayela sokubhala.

Siyini isingeniso socwaningo lwesayensi?

Isingeniso ocwaningweni lwesayensi siyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu ehlose ukuqondisa umfundi kusukela esihlokweni socwaningo olujwayelekile ukuya ezindaweni ezithile zocwaningo.
Badlala indima ebalulekile ekucaciseni umongo wocwaningo kanye nokufingqa ngokuphelele izingxenye zocwaningo.

Isingeniso sihlose nokwethula izizathu ezenze umcwaningi akhethe ucwaningo lwakhe lwesayensi nendlela yokuxazulula inkinga yocwaningo.
Ibamba iqhaza ekudwebeni uhlaka olujwayelekile locwaningo futhi ithuthukisa ukubaluleka kocwaningo kanye nemibono yalo.

Isingeniso siyingxenye ebalulekile yocwaningo lwesayensi, njengoba silungiselela futhi siqhakambisa umfundi futhi sisebenza njengethuluzi lokumethula esihlokweni.
Abacwaningi emkhakheni wezifundo ezineziqu bazimisele ngokubhala isingeniso socwaningo lwesayensi esiyingqayizivele esigqamisa ukubaluleka kocwaningo futhi sidonse ukunaka komfundi.

Isethulo sihlanganisa izici ezibalulekile nezingxenye ezifaka isandla ekucaciseni ucwaningo, okuyilezi:

• Imisho yesingeniso: Umusho oyisingeniso uyisiqalo sesingeniso futhi uhlose ukuheha ukunaka nokubamba umfundi.
• Ukucacisa ukuntula: Umcwaningi kufanele acacise ukuntula noma inkinga asebenzela ukuyixazulula ngocwaningo lwesayensi.
• Umgomo ojwayelekile kanye nemigomo emincane: Umcwaningi kufanele acacise inhloso yakhe jikelele ocwaningweni kanye nemigomo emincane afuna ukuyifinyelela.
• Imibono yocwaningo kanye nemibuzo: Umcwaningi kumele ethule imibono yakhe kanye nemibuzo yocwaningo ahlose ukuyiphendula ocwaningweni.
• Ukubaluleka kocwaningo: Umcwaningi uzimisele ukugqamisa ukubaluleka kocwaningo kanye nomthelela walo olindelekile emkhakheni wesayensi.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zocwaningo lwesayensi?

Izinhlobo zocwaningo lwesayensi ziyingxenye ebalulekile yomhlaba wocwaningo nentuthuko.
Ucwaningo lwesayensi lungahlukaniswa ngokwenhloso yalo kanye nendlela esetshenzisiwe.
Kulo mbiko, sizokhuluma ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zocwaningo lwesayensi.

Kuye ngenhloso yocwaningo, zimbili zazo.
Ucwaningo lwetiyetha nolusetshenziswayo.
Ucwaningo lwetiyetha luhlose ukuqonda inkinga ethile yethiyori noma ukwenzeka kanye nokufinyelela amathiyori, ulwazi kanye nemithetho ehambisana nayo.
Lolu cwaningo lusekelwe ekuhlaziyeni nasekuchazeni hhayi ekuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile.
Mayelana nocwaningo olusetshenzisiwe, luhlose ukusebenzisa amathiyori nemibono yesayensi eqinisweni elithile ukuxazulula inkinga ethile noma ukuthuthukisa inqubo.

Ngokwendlela esetshenziswa ocwaningweni, singaluhlukanisa lube ucwaningo lokuhlola nolungelona olokuhlola.
Ucwaningo lokuhlola luncike ekuhloleni, ekubonweni, ekuthuthukiseni imibono yesayensi, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwayo.
Isebenzisa izindlela zesayensi ukuze ifinyelele olwazini oluthembekile nemiphumela.
Mayelana nocwaningo olungelona olokuhlola, luncike ekuhlaziyeni ulwazi olukhona kanye nokudweba iziphetho ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhlola okungokoqobo.

Yiziphi izingqikithi zocwaningo?

Izindikimba zocwaningo ziyingxenye ebalulekile yohlaka lwetiyori lwanoma yiluphi ucwaningo noma uhlaka lwesayensi.
Lezi zindikimba ziyizihloko ezicutshungulwayo futhi kuxoxwe ngazo kabanzi ocwaningweni.
Izihloko zocwaningo zikhethwa ngokusekelwe ezinhlosweni zocwaningo nolwazi olutholakala emkhakheni wesayensi.

Nazi ezinye izingqikithi ezivamile ezingafakwa kuhlaka lwetiyori yocwaningo:

1. Ukubuyekezwa kwemibhalo: Umcwaningi uhlaziya abuye abuyekeze izifundo nocwaningo lwangaphambilini emkhakheni othile.
   Lezi zikhombo zisetshenziselwa ukugqamisa ukushiyeka ocwaningweni lwangaphambilini kanye nokukhomba izikhala ezingavalwa ngocwaningo lwamanje.
2. Ukuhlaziya idatha: Umcwaningi uhlaziya idatha ethulwe ngamathuluzi namasu afanelekile.
   Lokhu kuhlaziya kusetshenziselwa ukuqonda ubudlelwano namathrendi kudatha kanye nokuthola imiphumela ethembekile newusizo.
3. Indlela Yokucwaninga: Izindlela nezinqubo ezisetshenziswe ocwaningweni ziyachazwa futhi kuxoxwe ngazo.
   Lokhu kubandakanya incazelo yesakhiwo socwaningo kanye nezinqubo zokuqoqwa kwedatha, ukuhlaziya, nokutolikwa.
   Lesi sigaba sihlose ukucacisa ubuqiniso nokuthembeka kocwaningo.
4. Imiphumela nezincomo: Imiphumela efinyelelwe yethulwa futhi kuxoxwe ngayo kulesi sigaba.
   Lokhu kuhlanganisa nokunikeza izincomo ezingokoqobo ezingase zisekelwe kulokho okutholwe ocwaningweni kanye nencazelo yazo.
5. Igalelo emkhakheni wesayensi: Lesi sihloko singase sihlanganise ukuxoxa ngokubaluleka kocwaningo kanye nokubaluleka kwalo kwesayensi.
   Kuyahlaziywa ukuthi ucwaningo lungaba negalelo kanjani ekuqondeni inkinga ethile noma ekuthuthukisweni kolwazi lwesayensi kulo mkhakha.

Iyini imvelaphi yocwaningo lwesayensi?

Izimiso zocwaningo lwesayensi ziyisethi yezimiso namasu abacwaningi abawalandelayo ukuze bahlele futhi bahlaziye ulwazi kanye nokubhekwa abakuqoqayo.
Ucwaningo lwesayensi luhlose ukuhlola amaqiniso amasha nokwakha imibono nemithetho enomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kolwazi lomuntu emikhakheni efana nezolimo, umthetho, isayensi yezinkanyezi, kanye nezokwelapha.

Esinye sezisekelo zocwaningo lwesayensi yindlela yokwenza, njengoba abacwaningi basebenzisa indlela yesayensi ukuze bafinyelele imiphumela enembile nethembekile.
Kusetshenziswa izindlela ezehlukene zesayensi ezifana nezindlela zokuhlola, zokufundisa nezokuphenya ukuze kuqoqwe futhi kuhlaziywe idatha.

Ukwengeza, ucwaningo lwesayensi kufanele lufake indlela yokudonsa, lapho umcwaningi esebenzisa ingqondo nokucabanga okujulile ukuze athole izixazululo nezincazelo zenkinga ekhona.
Ama-axioms angabonakali nolwazi lwangaphambilini lusetshenziselwa ukwakha iziphetho ezintsha ezifaka isandla ekwandiseni ulwazi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwesayensi kufanele lubhalwe ngokuhambisana nezindlela nezindinganiso zesayensi ezaziwayo.
Ucwaningo lwenziwa ngokusekelwe enhlanganweni kanye nokuhlaziywa kwenhloso yolwazi nokubhekwa okuqoqwe futhi kwarekhodwa.
Kudingeka futhi ukuthi imithombo yolwazi esetshenziswe ocwaningweni ibhalwe kahle futhi ibhalwe phansi.

Ucwaningo lwesayensi lungathatha izinhlobo eziningi, okuhlanganisa ucwaningo lwesayensi, ucwaningo lwabantu kanye nobuciko, kanye nocwaningo lwebhizinisi, lwezomnotho nezenhlalakahle.
Ngayinye yazo ilandela izisekelo ezihlukene futhi isebenzisa amathuluzi namasu ahlukene ngokwezidingo zensimu yokuqonda.

Yiziphi izingxenye zesiphetho socwaningo?

Okokuqala, isiphetho kufanele sifinyeze imiphumela yocwaningo ngamafuphi futhi ngokucacile.
Okutholakele okusemqoka okufinyelelwe ngesikhathi socwaningo kufanele kufinyezwe.
Lokhu kubalulekile kumfundi ngoba kumsiza ukuthi aqonde okuqukethwe ngokushesha nakalula.

Okwesibili, izinhloso ezizuzwe ucwaningo kumele zibuyekezwe.
Inkinga ephenyiwe kanye nezinjongo ezifezwa wucwaningo kufanele zichazwe.
Ingafaka amagoli amancane kanye nemiphumela elindelekile.

Okwesithathu, izincomo ezibalulekile nezisebenzayo kufanele zenziwe ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni etholiwe.
Ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni olwenziwe, izincomo ezithile ezizuzisayo nezibalulekile emphakathini wesayensi, wezenhlalo noma wezomnotho kufanele ziqondiswe.
Kufanele kuchazwe ukuthi abafundi bangazuza kanjani kulezi zincomo nokuthi zingasetshenziswa kanjani ekusebenzeni.

Okwesine, kuyadingeka ukuthi kube nokusikisela komsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo ensimini.
Ucwaningo lwamanje kufanele lungene ocwaningweni lwangomuso kanye nomsebenzi wabanye abasunguli.
Ingahlonza izikhala ezisele olwazini noma ikhombe isiqalo sezifundo nocwaningo lwangomuso.

Ithini imodeli yocwaningo ocwaningweni lwesayensi?

Emhlabeni wocwaningo lwesayensi, imodeli yocwaningo ingelinye lamathuluzi ayisisekelo abacwaningi abawasebenzisayo ukuze baqondise izifundo zabo futhi banqume umgomo wabo kanye nemikhawulo yomzamo wabo wesayensi.
Le modeli isebenza njengebalazwe eliqondisayo lemizamo yocwaningo, njengoba ichaza izinhloso nokuguquguquka okuhambisana nazo, futhi yethula uhlaka lwethiyori kanye nendlela ezolandelwa umcwaningi.

Ukubaluleka kwemodeli yocwaningo ocwaningweni lwesayensi:

• Inikeza isiqondiso: Inikeza umcwaningi isiqondiso esidingekayo ocwaningweni lwakhe, njengoba imsiza ukuthi anqume umgomo wokugcina wocwaningo kanye nezinto eziguquguqukayo ezibalulekile azozifunda.
  Lokhu kunomthelela ekutheni umcwaningi aqondise imizamo yakhe futhi agxile ezintweni ezibaluleke kakhulu ocwaningweni.
• Ithuthukisa ukubaluleka kwethiyori: Imodeli yocwaningo isiza ukucacisa ukubaluleka kwethiyori yocwaningo lwesayensi.
  Ibuyekeza ucwaningo lwangaphambilini kanye nezifundo ezikhona ngesihloko esikhona kanye nendlela yokuthuthukisa inkambu yesayensi.
  Lokhu kunikeza umcwaningi ithuba lokukhombisa ukwengezwa kwakhe okuhlongozwayo olwazini lwamanje kulo mkhakha.

Izingxenye zemodeli yocwaningo ocwaningweni lwesayensi:

1. Isihloko socwaningo lwesayensi: Isihloko socwaningo sithathwa njengenye yezingxenye eziyisisekelo zemodeli yocwaningo.
   Isihloko socwaningo sinqunywa ngemuva kwenhloso yokugcina yocwaningo futhi okuguquguqukayo okuhambisana nalo sekucacile.
2. Umqondo wocwaningo: Imodeli yocwaningo ihlanganisa umqondo wocwaningo, okuyisethi evamile yemibono okufanele ifakwe kumodeli.
   Umcwaningi kumele achaze le miqondo ngokolimi nangokwemigomo yamagama, ukuze acacise incazelo nokubaluleka okuhambisana nayo esimweni socwaningo.
3. Uhlaka lwethiyori: Uhlaka lwethiyori kumodeli yocwaningo lucwaninga ubudlelwano obubambekayo kanye namathiyori ahambisana nocwaningo.
   Igqamisa ucwaningo lwangaphambilini oluhlobene nesihloko futhi igxile ekwehlukeni nasekuthuthukisweni okwenziwe yilolu cwaningo.
4. Indlela esetshenziswayo: Imodeli yocwaningo ichaza indlela umcwaningi azoyilandela lapho eqhuba ucwaningo.
   Lokhu kuhlanganisa izindlela umcwaningi azozisebenzisa ukuze aqoqe, ahlaziye futhi ahumushe idatha, aveze isampula efundwayo, kanye namathuluzi okulinganisa azosetshenziswa.

Yiziphi izinqubo zokusesha?

Lapho umcwaningi enquma ukwenza ucwaningo lwesayensi, kudingeka alandele izinqubo ezithile ukuze aqinisekise ukuhleleka okufanele nokuhlelwa kocwaningo lwakhe.
Izinqubo zocwaningo ziyindlela ehlelekile elandelwa umcwaningi ukufunda inkinga ethile futhi afinyelele imiphumela ethembekile.
Izakhi zohlelo locwaningo zibaluleke kakhulu ekufezeni lo mgomo.

Izinqubo zokusesha ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izici ezilandelayo:

1. Isihloko: Ihlanganisa incazelo emfushane yesihloko socwaningo futhi isiza ukuchaza okuthakaselwayo ocwaningweni.
2. Isingeniso: Ichaza ukubaluleka kwenkinga okufanele ifundwe futhi inikeze isizinda esidingekayo sokuqonda komfundi.
3. Inkinga: Ichaza inkinga noma inkinga okuzogxilwa kuyo ocwaningweni.
4. Okubalulekile: Igqamisa ukubaluleka kocwaningo kanye nezinga lomnikelo walo olwazini lwesayensi noma olusetshenziswayo.
5. Izinjongo: Thola ukuthi yini umcwaningi afuna ukuyizuza ngocwaningo bese unquma imiphumela elindelekile.
6. Amagama Nemiqondo: Ichaza imigomo nemibono esetshenziswe ocwaningweni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqonda okunembile nokufanayo.
7. I-hypothesis yocwaningo: Ihlanganisa okulindelekile noma ukuqagela okwenziwe ucwaningo ngokusekelwe olwazini lwangaphambilini.
8. Indlela yocwaningo esetshenzisiwe: ichaza indlela yesayensi ezolandelwa umcwaningi ekuqoqeni, ekuhlaziyeni nasekuphetheni idatha.
9. Amathuluzi ocwaningo: afaka noma imaphi amathuluzi, uhlu lwemibuzo, izingxoxo noma amanye amasu ucwaningo oluzowasebenzisa ukuqoqa idatha.
10. Izithenjwa: Kubandakanya uhlu lwemithombo esetshenziswe umcwaningi ekwenzeni ucwaningo.

Uluklama kanjani ucwaningo?

Idizayini yocwaningo wuhlaka olubalulekile oluchazwe umcwaningi ekukhetheni izindlela nezindlela ezifanele zokwenza ucwaningo lwesayensi.
Lo mklamo uvumela abacwaningi ukuthi bacwenge izindlela zokucwaninga zesihloko sabo futhi balungiselele izifundo ezifaka isandla ekuzuzeni impumelelo.

Idizayini yocwaningo wuhlelo lwesayensi olunemininingwane futhi oluhlukile olusiza umcwaningi ukuthi aphathe ucwaningo lwesayensi kusukela ekuqaleni kuye ekugcineni.
Lo mklamo uqala ngokukhetha uhlobo locwaningo, bese usiza umcwaningi ukuba akhe uhlelo locwaningo oluhlukile ngokwakhe.

Ngakho-ke, sizokuchazela isinyathelo ngesinyathelo ukuthi ungaklama kanjani uhlelo locwaningo ukuze ukwazi ukuzilungiselela wena uhlelo oluhle kakhulu locwaningo.
Sizoxoxa ngokuqonda umqondo womklamo wocwaningo, izici zalo, kanye nezakhi ocwaningweni lwesayensi.

Isakhiwo socwaningo wuhlaka oluhlanganisa izindlela nezindlela umcwaningi azikhethayo ukuze afeze izinhloso zocwaningo lwakhe.
Ukuklama kusiza ukugxila ezindleleni ezifanele zesihloko socwaningo nokuthola izixazululo ezifanele ezinkingeni zocwaningo ezichazwe ngaphambilini.

Idizayini yocwaningo lwesayensi ingesinye sezinyathelo zokuqala umcwaningi azithathayo ngenkathi elungiselela ucwaningo.
Lo mklamo usiza umcwaningi ukuthi abone izindlela nezinqubo ezifanele okufanele zisetshenziswe ngesikhathi sokuqoqwa nokuhlaziywa kolwazi nedatha yocwaningo.